Irrigation field module matrix configured for wireless communication with a central control server

ABSTRACT

The invention is an irrigation field module matrix configured for wireless communication with a central control server. The central control server contains a database with relevant information regarding features, parameters, and characteristics of a particular irrigation system. This system utilizes proprietary irrigation software to control a plurality of field modules, at one or more remote locations, via a network bridge adapter. An irrigation system may comprise a single server, or multiple servers that may be configured so that control of the entire system is centralized, and control of one or multiple irrigation locations may be accomplished remotely by wirelessly accessing, monitoring and controlling a location&#39;s field module matrix.

PRIORITY NOTICE

The present application claims priority, under 35 USC §199(e) and under35 USC §120, to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications:Application with Ser. No. 61/012,019, filed on Dec. 6, 2007, andApplication with Ser. No. 60/992,673, filed on Dec. 5, 2007, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

COPYRIGHT & TRADEMARK NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent application may containmaterial that is subject to copyright protection. The owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by any one of the patentdocument or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent andTrademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves allcopyrights whatsoever.

Certain marks referenced herein may be common law or registeredtrademarks of third parties affiliated or unaffiliated with theapplicant or the assignee. Use of these marks is by way of example andshall not be construed as descriptive or to limit the scope of thisinvention to material associated only with such marks.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to an irrigation field modulematrix configured for wireless communication with a central controlserver, and in particular, a centralized server-based system, whichutilizes proprietary irrigation software to control a plurality of fieldmodules, at one or more remote locations, via a network bridge adapter.The centralized control server is configured to monitor and controlirrigation zones within an irrigation system throughout a wirelesscommunication medium.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Typically, irrigation systems depend on the control of variouscomponents in order to achieve a synchronized and dependable irrigationschedule that considers a multitude of factors, which must becalculated, in order to compensate for different field characteristics.

For example, while one particular terrain may require a large quantityof water, in that same irrigation field, another part of the terrain mayrequire less water. This is often the case in irrigation systems thatirrigate different types of targets in one field, or in systems thatcover large landscapes that include various elevations or differenttypes of soil.

Along with the problem of dealing with the numerous variables thataffect different types of water schedules, irrigation systems must alsokeep water conservation issues at the core of a system's performancerequirements. Various types of pipeline networks are created toadequately reach different irrigation targets, planned carefully tominimize wasting water.

In large irrigation fields, a main pipeline will have multiple sub-mainsbranching out with various laterals to deliver thousands of gallons tothe various targets. Throughout the irrigation lines, multiple valvesand pumps are used to control water flow and different types ofcheck-valves are often implemented to prevent problems such as backflowor low head drainage.

Thus, a multitude of problems must be managed and solved by irrigationsystems to adequately perform their tasks. Perhaps the most prominentproblem is the management and control of the various valves, pumps,sensors, or devices that may be implemented in particularly largeirrigation systems. This problem is naturally magnified in industrialsize irrigation systems which may comprise several irrigation fieldswith different requirements and characteristics.

Traditionally, every single valve, pump, sensor, or irrigation deviceutilized within a particular system required manual calibration andoperation. Naturally, such manual operation limits a particularirrigation scheme by requiring multiple personnel to manage and maintaineach irrigation component.

More recently, several irrigation systems have been developed, whichutilize controllers coupled to different devices implemented within anirrigation system. For example, controllers have been developed toautomatically shut off valves at pre-set times. Controllers have alsobeen adapted to turn pumps on and off, and even more recently,controllers have been developed, which comprise complex programming thatcontrols a particular irrigation area within an irrigation system.

A serious drawback however, is the cost of each individual unit, ofwhich many must be utilized to cover a single irrigation field,particularly in industrial size irrigation schemes where severallocations encompass a single irrigation system. A single controller maycost thousands of dollars due to their complexity, and industrialirrigation systems often need hundreds of controllers to properly covera single location alone.

Each controller must be connected to a power source which often involvesmiles of wiring that must be used to connect controllers, to each other,and to a particular component that a controller may be configured tomanage. In addition to increasing the costs of such operations, wiringan irrigation field is a complex procedure. Proper insulation techniquesmust be utilized to adequately implement the necessary wiring to preventfaulty connections between controllers and keep the irrigation systemsafe for personnel that must have access to the irrigation field. Thus,simply implementing such controllers may encompass a complicatedendeavor that requires use of valuable resources before an irrigationsystem is fully operational.

Furthermore, maintenance for each unit is required to frequently updateits programming upon changes that naturally occur in the field. As newinformation is received and administered by an irrigation system, thisinformation must be implemented to each individual controller so thatthe correct parameters are used in tasks, for example, such ascalculating irrigation schedules.

Personnel, equipped with information previously gathered through sensorsor other relevant sources of field information, are often deployed inthe field to individually access each controller and manually set thecorrect parameters.

Therefore, there is a need in the art for an irrigation system that ismore efficient, less-expensive and more cost-effective, and that is ableto provide adequate irrigation control of an irrigation field withoutthe need to physically maintain, monitor, or manually actuate each ofthe different devices that may be implemented in modern industrialirrigation schemes. It is to these ends that the present invention hasbeen developed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To minimize the limitations in the prior art, and to minimize otherlimitations that will be apparent upon reading and understanding thepresent specification, the present invention describes an irrigationfield module matrix configured for wireless communication with a centralcontrol server.

A centralized server-based system containing a database with relevantinformation regarding features, parameters, and characteristics of aparticular irrigation system, utilizes proprietary irrigation softwareto control a plurality of field modules, at one or more remotelocations, via a network bridge adapter. An irrigation system maycomprise a single server, or multiple servers that may be configured sothat control of the entire system is centralized, and control of one ormultiple irrigation locations may be accomplished remotely.

A field module matrix for enabling a server to control irrigationcomponents, in accordance with the present invention, comprises aplurality of field modules, wherein one or more field modules comprisesa circuitry configured for: sending data pertaining to an irrigationarea to a server, receiving a control signal from said server, andcontrolling one or more irrigation components based on said controlsignal. Each field module further comprises a device interface forcoupling said irrigation components to said circuitry, and a powerinterface to supply power to said circuitry.

A method for irrigation utilizing a field module matrix configured forwireless communication with a central control server, in accordance withthe present invention, comprises the steps of: placing a plurality offield modules on an irrigation area to create a field module matrix;sending data pertaining to said irrigation area to a server; receiving acontrol signal from said server; and controlling one or more irrigationcomponents based on said control signal.

Another field module matrix for enabling a server to control irrigationcomponents, in accordance with the present invention, comprises aplurality of field modules, wherein one or more field modules is adaptedfor single-hop and multi-hop communication, said one or more fieldmodules further comprising: a circuitry including a management devicefor receiving, transmitting, and recording a control signal.

The circuitry is configured for: sending data pertaining to anirrigation area to a server, wherein said server further comprises auser interface adapted to provide a user remote access to said serverfor remotely monitoring said plurality of field modules, receiving saidcontrol signal from said server, wherein said control signal includes anirrigation schedule generated by said server from said data, andcontrolling one or more irrigation components based on said controlsignal.

Furthermore, each field module includes a device interface for couplingsaid irrigation components to said circuitry; a power interface tosupply power to said circuitry; and a wireless network adapterwirelessly coupled to said plurality of field modules for routing saiddata from said one or more field modules to said server and routing saidcontrol signal from said server to said one or more field modules,wherein said wireless network adapter translates between a protocol inuse by said plurality of field modules and said server.

It is an objective of the present invention to minimize the rising costof irrigation systems by eliminating the need for wiring systems.

It is another objective of the present invention to provide acentralized control system that does not depend on the use of complexcontrollers to actuate irrigation devices.

It is yet another objective of the present invention to provide acentral control server that is capable of managing several irrigationlocations from a single remote location, utilizing wirelesscapabilities.

It is yet another objective of the present invention to provideindividual field modules that are inexpensive and require minimummaintenance, capable of receiving control signals from a remote locationwithout the need for complex wiring systems.

Finally, it is yet another objective of the present invention to providea control server which maintains a database on one or more irrigationareas and utilizes software to monitor and control the entire irrigationsystem.

These and other advantages and features of the present invention aredescribed herein with specificity so as to make the present inventionunderstandable to one of ordinary skill in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Elements in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale inorder to enhance their clarity and improve understanding of thesevarious elements and embodiments of the invention. Furthermore, elementsthat are known to be common and well understood to those in the industryare not depicted in order to provide a clear view of the variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an overview diagram of a server controlled irrigationsystem configured to control two irrigation areas from a remotelocation, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram for an irrigation central controlserver, which is entirely server-based, capable of communication withmultiple mesh networks within an irrigation system. Server 200 is shown,in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, comprising severalbackground services utilized for remotely monitoring and controlling aplurality of field modules in one or more wireless mesh networks atremote locations.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram depicting a network bridge adapter,in accordance to one embodiment of the present invention, which may beutilized to translate information between a central control server and awireless mesh network, by implementing an interface adaptable tomultiple methods of communication.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a field modulein accordance with the present invention, depicting a module'scomponents that allow it to communicate wirelessly with a centralcontrol server to either relay information to other field modules, oractuate an irrigation device such as a valve or a pump.

FIG. 5 is an illustration depicting in more detail the interrelationbetween a hardware layer and firmware layer that make up one embodimentof a field module in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a control diagram of a control server implementingone method of monitoring, generating, and sending command signals to bedistributed throughout a plurality of field modules, in accordance withan exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7( a) illustrates one embodiment of the present invention, whereina central control server transmits data to a plurality of field modulesutilizing single hop, or multi-hop techniques of sending and receivingdata. The field modules are shown in a grid, which represents theirphysical location in a particular irrigation controlled zone.

FIG. 7( b) is a block diagram depicting one method for field modules tosend and receive information, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 8( a) illustrates a field module reporting sensor data to a servercontroller, in one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8( b) is a block diagram depicting a method for sensor datatransmission between the field module and server controller depicted inFIG. 8( a), in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following discussion that addresses a number of embodiments andapplications of the present invention, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings that form a part hereof, where depictions aremade, by way of illustration, of specific embodiments in which theinvention may be practiced. It is to be understood that otherembodiments may be utilized and changes may be made without departingfrom the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an overview diagram of a server controlled irrigationsystem configured to control two irrigation areas from a remotelocation, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

Irrigation system 111 comprises of a central control server 100, whichutilizes a wireless connection to communicate with field modules 105located at a first location, and field modules 106 located at a secondlocation. Central control server 100 monitors and controls field modules105 and 106 via corresponding network bridge adapters 103 and 104, eachlocated at first and second locations, wherein field modules 105 make upwireless mesh irrigation network 101, and wherein field modules 106 makeup wireless mesh irrigation network 102. Irrigation system 111 furthercomprises of access station 113, which may be used to access centralcontrol server 100 from any location to monitor, maintain, upgrade, orutilize central control server 100, for example, by accessing centralcontrol server 100 via the internet.

In an exemplary embodiment, irrigation system 111 utilizes a wired orwireless irrigation network to automate the function of irrigationcomponents and provide interfaces via standard and proprietary protocolsto users for the purpose of reporting and configuration of the system'soperation. Central control server 100 may communicate with sensorycomponents in the irrigation system to retrieve the necessary data foruse in algorithms that may, in turn, create schedules for, modify orinterrupt valve and pump operation in real time.

Central control server 100 may communicate with each of the wirelessmesh irrigation networks 101 and 102 through network bridge adapters 103and 104, respectively. Network bridge adapters 103 and 104 in turntranslate between the network protocol to which central control server100 connects to and the protocol in use by an irrigation network.

In one embodiment, central control server 100 has the ability to connectto multiple wired and wireless irrigation networks via multipleprotocols through standard and proprietary network bridges. This may bedesirable to facilitate control of different types of networks andallows central control server 100 to connect to networks at other remotelocations, provided a communications link exists at those otherlocations.

In another embodiment, central control server 100 may also connect tothe internet via standard methods. This is desirable to enable centralcontrol server 100 to connect to other irrigation servers (not shown) toshare information; manage them as “slave” servers, or mutually backupdata to increase redundancy and thus reliability.

In an exemplary embodiment, in order to properly administrate irrigationsystem 111, central control server 100 may store information related toirrigation system 111's configuration by means of flat-files ordatabases, such as databases 110. For example, and without limiting thescope of the present invention, data 115 may include information vitalto calculations such as component specifications and limits, componentlocations, soil characteristics, plant characteristics and requirements,pipe sizes and material, or any other data relevant to theadministration of central control server 100. Furthermore, otherspecifics of a particular location may be included, for example, andwithout deviating from the scope of the present invention, databases 110may include information that is necessary for maintenance and inventoryof wireless mesh irrigation network 102, such as field modules 105'scomponent make, model, quantity, or any other type of information to aidwireless mesh irrigation network 102's administration.

In an exemplary embodiment, central control server 100 utilizesproprietary software, for example software 109. Software 109 may utilizespecific algorithms that analyze data regarding irrigation system 111'scurrent state, and compare with a previous state, to calculate requiredactions for irrigation system 111's optimization.

In the present disclosure, a “system status” refers to irrigation system111's status as a whole, being comprised of a totality of variablesrelating to the operation of irrigation system 111. For example, andwithout deviating from the scope of the present invention, suchvariables may include, but are not limited to: line pressures, total andlocal system flows, pump speed and output, sprinkler head state (e.g.on/off/not responding), soil moisture, currentweather/evapo-transpiration (ET), historical weather/ET, forecastedweather, system component malfunction, and any arbitrary or calculatedrestrictions on irrigation system 111's operation.

Calculated data is then sent to a scheduler, which runs as a backgroundservice on central control server 100. In one embodiment, a schedulercomponent of software 109 is responsible for all timed events andactually sends the commands to the components in the field, for examplefield modules 105 and 106, at the appropriate times or immediately, asrequired (see FIG. 6).

In an exemplary embodiment, central control server 100 further comprisesa primary graphical user interface (GUI) 108, which may be accessedthrough input/output devices such as a keyboard, a mouse and monitor,for purposes of facilitating human interface. In another embodiment, inaddition to providing local server based GUI 108, central control server100 may serve HTTP requests on its network interfaces for a web-basedGUI (see FIG. 2). In yet another embodiment, central control server 100may support modular GUI extensions for any number of interfaces.

These GUIs are desirable to enable users to monitor the status andhistory of operation of irrigation system 111, receive alerts regardingimportant system events, and modify the configuration for irrigationsystem 111 as a whole, as well as each individual component thereof,such as schedules for field modules 105 and 106.

For example, and without limiting the scope of the present invention, auser such as a remote site manager may use access station 113 to view astatus of a particular schedule for wireless mesh irrigation network 102via a web-based GUI supported by central control server 100 that isaccessed using the internet.

In yet another embodiment, central control server 100 may employ atiered user/group database which will allow site managers to controlrestrictions of certain privileges to users and groups of users based ontheir requirements.

Typically, software 109 further comprises of a suite of proprietaryirrigation control software running on commodity enterprise-grade serverhardware. Software 109 will include components of central control server100 that may communicate via standard system calls, and both proprietaryand standard application programming interfaces (API's) availablethrough the software components, operating system, and underlyinghardware.

In one embodiment, central control server 100 may employ a suite ofproprietary irrigation control software running on commodityenterprise-grade server hardware to gather information and control avaried and comprehensive set of irrigation components that form acomplete irrigation system 111.

By means of an informational database and scheduler, the administrationof said irrigation system may be intelligently automated to the fullestextent. For such tasks that cannot be performed by central controlserver 100, central control server 100 may alert the appropriatepersonnel through various means, for example by sending an alert orelectronic message via access station 113.

For the majority of tasks, which can be directly controlled by centralcontrol server 100, both network bridge adapters 103 and 104 facilitatecommunication and provide translation, when necessary, between protocolsin use by central control server 100 and each of wireless meshirrigation networks 101 and 102.

Typically, network bridge adapters 103 and 104 interface with centralcontrol server 100 via standard computer networking protocols. Forexample, such networking protocols may include IEEE 802.3, IEEE802.11a/b/g, RS-232, RS-485, Universal Serial Bus, or any otherequivalent without limiting the scope of the present invention.

In an exemplary embodiment, network bridge adapters 103 and 104interface the wireless mesh irrigation networks 101 and 102,respectively, through a transceiver (see FIG. 3). Each network bridgeadapter 103 and 104 may also act as the wireless mesh networkcoordinator, which is responsible for setting up the wireless networkand maintaining its topology and inter-nodal communication.

A network bridge adapter, in accordance with the present invention, maycomprise of a server interface(s) to communicate with central controlserver 100, a processing unit for network coordination and protocoltranslation, a wireless interface(s) to communicate with the nodes ineach wireless mesh network, and a main circuit board wherein allcomponents are connected (see FIG. 3).

Network bridge adapters 103 and 104 are the means by which centralcontrol server 100 is able to receive information and send commandsignals to the various field modules 105 and 106. A monumental advantageto this configuration being that multiple complex and costly controllersoften used in modern irrigation schemes are eliminated by providingcentral control server 100 with total control of irrigation system 111.Substantially all programming, monitoring, and data processing isachieved by central control server 100. Field modules 105 and 106 aremerely passive actuators for any irrigation device used in wireless meshirrigation networks 101 and 102, such as the various pumps and valvesthat may make up each irrigation zone.

Typically, field modules 105 and 106 operate multiple irrigation valvesper unit. In one embodiment, in addition to irrigation valves, fieldmodules 105 and 106 may also interface with any other irrigationequipment that can be controlled and/or monitored (i.e. sensors, pumps,master-valves, etc.) and relay that data with central control server 100wirelessly, thereby negating the need for any direct hard link to orfrom a central management location and subsequently eliminating the needfor costly satellite controllers in the field.

In an exemplary embodiment, proprietarily developed firmware andhardware create and utilize each of wireless mesh networks 101 and 102,which terminate at central control server 100. Wireless communicationbetween central control server 100 and field modules in any particularirrigation network provides the very significant advantage ofcircumventing any pre-wiring tasks for implementing wiring that must beutilized with wired networks—such methods are expensive and requireexpenditure of considerable resources before irrigation of a particularfield or zone begins.

Typically, field modules 105 and 106 actuate valve operation, interfacewith sensors and operate other irrigation components such as pumps andmaster valves while relaying data to central control server 100. Mostimportantly, every field module becomes a part of a field module matrixthat forms a wireless irrigation network.

In an exemplary embodiment, through deployment of multiple units,wireless mesh irrigation networks 101 and 102 may be formed wherein eachunit within each network will act as a transceiver for surrounding unitsso that each unit will be in communication with central control server100 by either a direct wireless link (single hop) or through one or moretransceivers (multiple hop) located in nearby field modules. Withmultiple units, an entire field module matrix may be monitored andcontrolled from central control server 100.

Central control server 100 may comprise a single server or multipleservers without deviating from the scope of the present invention, andits components may vary depending on the complexity and extent requiredby an irrigation system. FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of acentral control server for an irrigation system in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram for an irrigation central controlserver, which is entirely server-based, capable of communication withmultiple mesh networks within an irrigation system. Server 200 is shown,in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, comprising severalbackground services utilized for remotely monitoring and controlling aplurality of field modules in one or more wireless mesh networks atremote locations.

Server 200 comprises operating system 201, local GUI 202, and hardwarelayer 203. Server 200 may be a minicomputer, a microcomputer, a UNIX™machine, a mainframe computer, an Intel™ machine, an Apple™ machine, aPowerPC™ machine, or any other appropriate computer without departingfrom the scope of the present invention. Particularly for industrialapplications, it may be desirable for server 200 to include generichigh-availability (redundant) enterprise server hardware for optimumperformance.

In an exemplary embodiment, central control server 200 uses generichigh-availability (redundant) enterprise server hardware upon which isloaded operating system 201 for facilitating the management of one ormore irrigation zones. Operating system 201 further comprise a databaseserver 204 for storage of system characteristics, calculated schedules,collected data from sensors and other information relevant to systemoperation and maintenance. Operating system 201 further includes a setof services that monitor and act upon incoming data as well as sendcontrol signals.

In one embodiment, server 200 sends and receives data to and from one ormore field modules by means of wireless network bridge adapters, whichmay be connected via a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network(WAN or Internet), a USB/RS-232/RS-485 serial port, or any other knownmethod without departing from the scope of the present invention.

In another embodiment, a plurality of similar servers may alsocommunicate with server 200 and each other. For example, and withoutdeviating from the scope of the present invention, a first server maycommunicate with a second server via LAN or WAN. In one embodiment, oneserver may be given full control over another server and vice versa,allowing many systems to be maintained from any one server. In anotherembodiment, servers may also store data for a given system independentlythereby creating distributed redundant data storage mechanisms ensuringdata longevity.

Typically, server 200 further comprises a set of background services 210that interact and help administrate the various processes occurring atany given time during server 200's operation. Background services 210may include, without limiting the scope of the present invention, HTTPserver/GUI 205, GUI sockets 206, user security server 207, calculators208, and scheduler 209.

HTTP server/GUI 205 provides a web interface to manage and monitor thesystem based on user/group permissions. HTTP server/GUI 205 interfaceswith GUI socket 206 to enable management and monitoring central controlserver 200. In an exemplary embodiment, HTTP server/GUI 205 may beavailable on the Intranet and/or Internet, depending on the networkconfiguration.

GUI socket 206 is basically an application program interface or API,which drives the server 200's local GUI 202. Typically, GUI socket 206is a server and protocol that facilitates client connections for full orpartial control, configured to accept both local and remote connectionsand provide an abstracted connection to server 200 based on user orgroup permissions predetermined by a system administrator. Thus, GUIsocket 206 is an interface for other processes to access monitoringcapabilities on server 200.

User security service 207 is typically similar to known file systempermissions. For example, and without limiting the scope of the presentinvention, user security service 207 may comprise UNIX™ file systempermissions. In an exemplary embodiment, each action or query availablein the system has permissions set for certain users and groups thatallow hierarchal security. For example, users in a “Maintenance” groupshould be able to turn valves on and off for testing, but not alterscheduling coefficients. Likewise, a “Site Manager” user should havefull control over the system, including which permissions other users oruser groups may have access to. This configuration of user permissions,managed by user security service 207, may be desirable particularly inlarge scale irrigation systems that may comprise several personnel onand off the field.

Database server 204 is typically a computer program that providesdatabase services to other computer programs or computers, depending onthe configuration of the entire system. In practice, database server 204may be a MySQL™ or PostgreSQL™ service running on server 200 or onanother computer to which server 200 may have access to, withoutlimiting the scope of the present invention.

All system information pertaining to the irrigation system and systemadministration is preferably stored in database server 204, although inalternative embodiments, server 200 may send a log of processes,commands, schedules, field inventory, or any other type of informationrelevant to a second slave server, to be stored at a remote location,for example on another database located at the slave server's location.

In an exemplary embodiment, database server 204 stores all relevantinformation locally. In such embodiment, every time information needs tobe stored remotely, server 200 sends that information to the desiredremote location in addition to storing such information locally indatabase server 204. This is desirable so that server 200, as a masterserver, for example, may contain all the information related to allother servers managed by server 200.

Calculators 208 are typically a set of algorithms and equations thatpull data from database 204, (and/or any other database to which server200 may have access to) for processing such data to make determinationsand generate new data. Such new data may pertain to the system'sconfiguration, a system status, a system operation, or any other systemdetermination without deviating from the scope of the present invention.New data may be used immediately and discarded, may be stored for futureuse, or simply stored as statistical data for generating reports thatmay be utilized in future determinations, management, or administrationof the entire irrigation system.

Scheduler 209 is typically another API, which may run in the backgroundon server 200. In one embodiment, other processes utilize scheduler 209to log events set to occur at a given time and date. For example, andwithout deviating from the scope of the present invention, scheduler 209may be provided with information to be scheduled such as times and dateson which to turn valves or pumps on and off. Scheduler 209 may thenstore such information in database server 204 either as a log of eventsthat have occurred and operations which have been executed, and/or asschedules for future events and future commands that should be executedat predetermined such times.

In an exemplary embodiment, scheduler 209 monitors database server 204along with any other external databases to which server 200 may haveaccess to. Scheduler 209 monitors current time utilizing an internalclock and executes commands when scheduled events are due. Scheduler 209may be instructed to execute a command immediately, in which case thecommand is executed, but still logged in database 204. In this way,database 204 stores a complete set of all commands, their originationtime, and each commands execution time.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram depicting a network bridge adapter,in accordance to one embodiment of the present invention, which may beutilized to translate information between a central control server and awireless mesh network, by implementing an interface adaptable tomultiple methods of communication.

Adapter 301 contains a wireless module 302, processor 303 and wiredinterface 304. The wired interface may include one or all of thefollowing without deviating from the scope of the present invention: anEthernet port, USB port, and a DB-9 RS-232 or RS-485 port.

Adapter 301 is configured to receive data packets via wired interface304 and transmits the data packet over the wireless network with thecorrect protocol translation. Likewise, packets on the wireless networkthat are addressed to a device on the wired network (e.g. centralcontrol server 300) are received by the network bridge and translatedinto the appropriate protocol and delivered via one of the wiredinterfaces.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a field modulein accordance with the present invention, depicting a module'scomponents that allow it to communicate wirelessly with a centralcontrol server to either relay information to other field modules, oractuate an irrigation device such as a valve or a pump.

Typically, a field module is very simple and comprises minimalcomponents. Each unit comprises of a circuit board with a processor andinterface components, power circuit to utilize and monitor a mains orbattery power source, transceiver module, status indicators, andfirmware.

In the exemplary embodiment shown, field module 400 comprises watertighthousing 401, device control circuitry 402, sensor interface 403, powerinterface 404, transceiver 405, a memory 406, and a management device407. Field module 400 is one of a plurality of field modules in a fieldmodule matrix. Field module may be connected to one or more sensors 408and one or more devices 409.

Field module 400 is typically constructed of known durable materialsable to withstand various weather conditions, in particular due tohousing 401. Management device 407 is connected to wireless transceiver405, device control circuitry 402, sensor interface circuitry 403, andpower interface 404.

Power interface 404 is typically connected to power source 415. Powersource 415 may be a battery, a charger, or any other type of powersource able to produce the necessary power to keep field module 400running properly. In one embodiment, power interface 404 is connected toa battery. In another embodiment, power interface 404 is connected to agenerator. In an exemplary embodiment, power interface 404 is connectedto power source 415 wherein power source 415 comprises photovoltaiccells, a battery and a charger, to constantly provide field module 400with a source of electrical power without the need of any additionalwiring. Power distribution and management of all components is processedby management device 407.

Management device 407 sends and receives data through wirelesstransceiver 405 and records one or more watering schedules in memorymodule 406, based on the received data. If field module 400 is connectedto several devices, such data may include schedules for each of one ormore devices. Field module 400 further generates control signals toexecute watering schedules via device control circuitry 402. Managementdevice 407 also reports the status and value of one or more sensors 408connected to the sensor interface circuitry 405.

In a field module matrix, each module such as field module 400 maytransmit data to other modules where each module acts as a repeater forrelaying that data. The range of the wireless network is thus extendedwhich is an advantage since the range becomes customizable depending ona user's needs.

FIG. 5 is an illustration depicting in more detail the interrelationbetween a hardware layer and firmware layer that make up one embodimentof a field module in accordance with the present invention. Morespecifically, FIG. 5 illustrates field module 500's components, whereinsaid components comprise a simple hardware layer and firmware layer.

Field module 500 is equipped with firmware layer 501 and hardware layer502, which aid field module 500's communication. In this exemplaryembodiment, firmware layer 501 comprises timer 503, input monitor 504,packet generator 505, packet decoder 506, storage library 507, andstatus monitor 508.

Timer 503 is a function that will execute a command after a set amountof time has lapsed from an initial invocation. For example, and withoutlimiting the scope of the present invention, timer 503 is mostfrequently used for turning a valve off after a specified amount of timehas passed from the time the valve was turned on. A valve may be turnedon at a particular start time by the scheduler (not shown sincescheduler resides at the server level); timer 503 may then be invoked toturn it off after the given duration (i.e. the given duration alsopredetermined by the scheduler, or an input provided by a user via oneof the user interfaces to the server based system).

Input monitor 504 utilizes interrupt handlers tied to microcontroller509's external interrupts to catch asynchronous signals on an 10channel. Also known in the art as an interrupt service routine (ISR), aninterrupt handler is a callback subroutine in an operating system ordevice driver whose execution is triggered by the reception of aninterrupt. These low-level counterparts of event handlers, are initiatedby microcontroller 509's external interrupts to interrupt instructionsin firmware layer 501′ code, which are used for servicing hardware layer502 and transitions between protected modes of operation such as systemcalls.

For example, and without deviating from the scope of the presentinvention, reading a temperature or pressure involves polling a sensor,which puts microcontroller 509 in charge of timing. However, in the caseof a flow sensor, where the flow is reported by pulses sent for eachrotation of an impeller, the signal is asynchronous and must be caughtand timed for a proper reading. If microcontroller 509 misses a pulse ortwo, the calculation of flow will be inaccurate. It is for this reasonthat input monitor 504 is configured with low-level ISR's to interruptnormal execution of code to execute time sensitive tasks. This is alsotrue for an alarm signal (e.g. pressure too high/too low, high/lowtemperature, etc.).

Packet generator 505 is configured to take data that is to be sentacross the network and wrap it with the correct protocols in use by thetransmission medium between the plurality of field modules and a networkbridge adapter. Supplemental to packet generator 505, packet decoder 506is configured to provide the inverse function of packet generator 505.Since some data packets include information other than data itself (e.g.checksums, sending address, time of transmission, etc.), packet decoder506 handles this extra information as is appropriate (e.g. respectively:verify the checksum before releasing the data, verifying correct addressof data destination, correct transmission time, etc.).

Typically, field module 500 does not employ a database, but comprise ofa very simple, low level storage mechanism or storage library 507.Nevertheless, storage library 507 includes a library of functions tofacilitate the storage and retrieval of data in field module 500'sEEPROM. Storage library 507 may enable the storage of schedules, deviceconfiguration, and other information that requires persistence overpower cycles.

Status monitor 508 is a routine that may periodically poll the status ofcertain firmware variables and peripheral devices to maintain a set ofregisters regarding field module 500's current status. In the presentdisclosure, registers are memory ‘locations’ that contain informationpertaining to a set of conditions to be checked or monitored in orderfor other functions or processes to be engaged. Upon monitoring a set ofconditions, other processes may then perform certain tasks based on thestate of these registers.

For example, and without deviating from the scope of the presentinvention, real-time clock (RTC) 510 may be polled at regular intervalsto update field module 500's time register; or if a data packet is readyto be processed, a register variable may be polled by status monitor 508to let packet decoder 506 know there is work to be done.

Furthermore, status monitor 508 furthers field module 500's efficiencyby utilizing a status function which is a small, fast function thatdecides if larger, more power hungry functions need to be run. Runningsuch small function periodically may be desirable to save processor timeand thus electrical power, as oppose to running every available functionon every program loop. This allows for implementation of simple hardwarein hardware layer 502.

In this exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, hardware layer 502comprises of microcontroller 509, real-time clock 510, input/outputhardware 511, power circuitry 512, transceiver 514, and indicator panel515.

Microcontroller 509 controls every aspect of field module 500.Typically, microcontroller 509 integrates a central processing unit(CPU) for executing program code, general purpose inputs and outputs(GPIO's), universal asynchronous receivers/transmitters (UART's),non-volatile program memory, and volatile memory (RAM) into a singleintegrated circuit chip.

Microcontroller 509 holds firmware in non-volatile storage and executescode with its CPU. Interaction with external components is possiblethrough the GPIO's and UART's. In this way the microcontroller 509controls field module 500's operation.

RTC 510 is typically a discrete electronic component, which keeps trackof the current time and date. In an exemplary embodiment,microcontroller 509 has a hardware clock, which is merely a frequencystandard for digital electronics, and does not count time in humanunits, therefore RTC 510 is utilized by field module 500 to count timein seconds, minutes, hours, day of the month, month, year and day of theweek. In this manner, RTC 510 allows for schedules to be kept in astandard way (i.e. turn valve 2 on at 11:35 am, Feb. 24, 2008).

In one embodiment, in order to assure that RTC 510 is constantlysupplied with an electrical power source, RTC 510 may utilize a standardlithium-ion watch cell as a battery backup that will last for up to tenyears with no external power source connected, however, in anotherembodiment, RTC 510 drains power from the same power source utilize tofeed field module 500 without deviating from the scope of the presentinvention.

Power circuitry 512 may be any type of power circuitry adapted to supplyan electrical power source to field module 500's components. However, inan exemplary embodiment, power circuitry 502 encompasses a set ofmodular sub-circuits that include a charging circuit, battery managementcircuit and power conditioning circuit. For example, and withoutlimiting the scope of the present invention, a charging circuit maycontrol the charging of a battery (via temperature, current or otherfeedback loops) from a charging device (e.g. a solar array, a generator,etc.). A battery management circuit may monitor the state of a batteryand report the charge in addition to providing alarm signals forlow-power or other non-desirable battery conditions. A powerconditioning circuit may provide multiple stable voltages to thecomponents in field module 500 (i.e. 3.3 v, 5 v, 1.8 v, etc.).

Furthermore, in another embodiment, field module 500 may be connected toa mains power (110 vac, 220 vac, etc.) and may require a suitabletransformer located within field module 500 or externally. In suchembodiment, the charging and battery circuits would be optional;however, the conditioning circuit may still be required. Again, powercircuitry 512 may be any type of power circuitry adapted to supply anelectrical power source to field module 500's components, withoutlimiting the scope of the present invention.

In the illustrated embodiment, power circuitry 512 is connected to powersource 513, which comprises photovoltaic cells, a battery and a charger,to constantly provide field module 500 with a source of electrical powerwithout the need of any additional wiring.

Field module 500 further comprises of communications hardware 516. Thishardware includes said input/output hardware 511, a transceiver 514, andan indicator panel 515.

Input/Output hardware 511 comprises modular interface daughter cards toprovide for the dynamic components of the varied interfaces to valves,pumps and sensors. For example, and without limiting the scope of thepresent invention, a valve control daughter card may be connected tofield module 500's main circuit board (or hardware layer 502) and thusprovide an interface between microcontroller 509 and the valves, pumpsor sensors, which field module 500 may be adapted to control.

This configuration of input/output hardware 511 allows field module 500to be customized for a specific application, and for additionalfunctionalities to be added if a new sensor or valve is needed tointerface with field module 500.

Transceiver 514 is the field module 500's primary means of communicationwith the central control server. Transceiver 514 may be any type oftransceiver known in the art for sending and receiving data packets inaccordance with the present invention. However, in an exemplaryembodiment, transceiver 514 is an original equipment manufactured (OEM)radio frequency (RF) module sourced from a known manufacturer. Forexample, and without limiting the scope of the present invention,transceiver 514 comprises an ORM RF module, which utilizes a ZigBee™protocol to form and communicate over a self healing mesh network. It isa known specification for a suite of high level communication protocolsusing small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4standard for wireless personal area networks (WPAN's). ZigBee™ istargeted at RF applications which require a low data rate, long batterylife, and secure networking. Therefore, this known technology isdesirable because it is simpler and less expensive than other WPAN's,such as Bluetooth™.

Indicator panel 515 may typically comprise simply of a few lightemitting diodes (LED's) or a seven-segment display located on anexternal surface of field module 500. Indicator panel 515's purpose isto relay information regarding status or malfunction to an observerphysically viewing the unit itself. Indicator panel 515 may be useful inthe event of a transceiver malfunction, in which case the unit is unableto communicate on the network, or for a simple visual check on status ofa unit when visible. For example, and without limiting the scope of thepresent invention, indicator panel 515 may inform an observer that it ismalfunctioning, low on battery, or that it has been disconnected fromanother component such as a valve or pump. Although this information ispreferably communicated by field module 500 directly to the centralcontrol server, it may be desirable to further alert any personnel thatmay be physically inspecting an irrigation field.

It is understood that in the present disclosure, while it may bedesirable to include all the elements described above in relation tofield module 500, other alternative embodiments may not necessarilyemploy use or include every element of field module 500. For example,field module 500 may not include an indicator panel such as indicatorpanel 515 without deviating from the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of a control server implementing onemethod of monitoring, generating, and sending command signals to bedistributed throughout a plurality of field modules, in accordance withan exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Unless explicitlystated, the method embodiments described in the present disclosure arenot constraint to a particular order or sequence. Additionally, some ofthe described methods or elements herein may occur or be performed atthe same point in time.

A central control server is typically constantly monitoring anirrigation system at step 600. This may comprise comparing a firststatus to second status, wherein the first status represents the stateof the entire system at previous point in time, while a second statusmay be a system state at present point in time. These states maycomprise data stored in local database 601, a remote database 603, ormay come from an external input 604.

For example, and without deviating from the scope of the presentinvention, a site manager may add additional information about a remotelocation being monitored by the central control server. This data isinput via an access station and sent over the internet. The centralcontrol center receives the data at step 605, where a listening processmay distribute the information to a monitoring process at step 600.

The central control server is typically in a constant state ofprocessing. Multiple processes may be calculated at any one time anddifferent processes are working separately to process different types ofdata.

In an exemplary embodiment, a central control server, in accordance withthe present invention, includes software comprising a multiplicity ofseparate processes. For example, and without limiting the scope of thepresent invention, such independent processes may include a listeningprocess, a monitoring process, a scheduling process, a calculatorprocess—all of which make up a multithreaded software component for theserver based irrigation system.

In one embodiment, a listening process is in charge of the sole functionof listening for incoming data on a network gate way and scan that datafor distributing to an appropriate destination in the network forprocessing—for example, and without limiting the scope of the presentinvention, a listening process may scan an incoming sensor data packetat step 611 and distribute to the monitoring process at step 600 todeliver the sensor data packet to the appropriate processing at 602,such as delivering sensor data to a sensor processor at step 602.

Alternatively, in said example, said data packet may comprise a statusdata from a remote server 603, thus a listening process may receive saidstatus data at step 605 and distribute the data to a monitoring processat step 600; the monitoring process (upon recognizing or identifyingsaid data as status data) in turn delivers the status data sent to adatabase process at step 602.

In yet another example, a listening process may receive data related toan irrigation schedule at step 605 and distributed to monitoring processat step 600; a monitoring process may then deliver said data anappropriate algorithm such as a scheduling process at step 602.

Thus, in an exemplary embodiment, monitoring, listening, calculating, orotherwise processing data, is accomplished via a multithreadedapplication, wherein several processes interact; each process in chargeof a different function (independently of each other).

Processed data at step 602, which has been monitored and properlydelivered to the appropriate algorithm, may be automatically stored orotherwise delivered to one or more locations for execution, for example,and without limiting the scope of the present invention, if saidprocessed data comprises data for generating a control signal for someaction to be performed and compensate for a change in the overall stateof the system.

Alternatively, such data may be inventory data which has no immediateeffects on scheduling, and no other action must be taken, then it may bedesirable to store the data locally or on a remote database. Forexample, and without limiting the scope of the present invention, a sitemanager may provide the central control server with an input that isrelevant to a change, which necessitates immediate action, a processorat step 602 may decide to generate a command signal.

Thus, processing data at step 602 may be followed by a determinationwhether to store data. If sent to be stored, a determination of weatherto store that data locally or remotely, for example send the data to aslave server or any other location such as remote database 603 may bemade by the system.

The processing data at step 602 may alternatively be followed by adetermination to send a signal to one or more locations comprising afield matrix. The signal may be delivered to a single unit, a few unitsor an entire matrix of field modules.

Thus, at step 608 a command signal may be generated, which may betransmitted at step 609 utilizing one or more network bridge connectionsfor one or more field module matrices. Upon relaying the command signal,a single unit or multiple units actuate the command at step 610.Actuation may comprise a number of commands, such as turning off avalve, shutting off a pump, or relaying a command signal to anotherfield module within a field module matrix.

In an exemplary embodiment, all events, whether data sent directly togenerate and execute a command or data processed for storing in database601, will be stored automatically in database 601 at step 606.

At step 607, another determination may further comprise whether toreplicate said stored data for storing said data redundantly elsewhere,for example in a data base at a remote server 603.

FIG. 7( a) illustrates one embodiment of the present invention, whereina central control server transmits data to a plurality of field modulesutilizing single hop, or multi-hop techniques of sending and receivingdata. The field modules are shown in a field module matrix, whichrepresents their physical location in a particular irrigation controlledzone.

Central control server 700 is shown connected to a network bridge 702via LAN connection 701. Through network bridge 702, central controlserver may send a command signal to one or more of the field modules703, which are located in an irrigation zone herein represented by fieldmodule matrix 704.

Depending on the size of field module matrix 704, central control server700 may use multi-hop or single hop transceiver methods to transmit acommand. For example, and without deviating from the scope of thepresent invention, central control server sends a command signal tofield modules 703 to open a valve controlled by a unit at location F-6of field module matrix 704. If field module matrix 704 is a very largeirrigation zone, network bridge 702 may not have the capacity to send asignal that far. Thus, a signal may be sent to a unit at location A-1,relayed to location C-2, then location D-4, then location D-6, andfinally transmitted to the unit at location F-6.

This configuration of field modules 703 allows a field module matrix inaccordance with the present invention, to be extended or shortened byimplementing more or less field modules. Every time a field module isimplemented in a matrix, each field module is able to detect and reportthat information back to central control server 700. Therefore, a fieldmodule matrix is constantly adaptable to a variety of changes that mayoccur in an irrigation landscape.

The field module matrix or field module matrix 704, which is made up ofindividual modules 703, is typically self-healing or adaptable to adynamic environment. In an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention, field modules 703 are configured for constantly reportingtheir location and evaluating the field module matrix parameters. Forexample, and without deviating from the scope of the present invention,a maintenance personnel or field worker may implement an additionalfield module into field module matrix 704 or remove a field module fromfield module matrix 704. Field module matrix 704 if designed toreconfigures itself by processing the necessary calculations.

This self-healing element of field module matrix 704 is desirableparticularly for dynamic situations wherein constant changes may beexperienced in the field, or a particular irrigation zone. For example,and without limiting the scope of the present invention, an object maybe temporarily stationed in field module matrix 704 so as to block ordisrupt a particular signal path commonly used by field matrix 704.Sometimes, large work equipment is temporarily placed in an irrigationfield such as heavy machinery, or large vehicles. Because field modulematrix 704 is self healing, the matrix will reconfigure itself tocompensate for the obstructing object.

Thus, each field module 703 is configured to make certain simple, yetadvantageous calculations or determinations when transmittinginformation from one module to the next or from a field module to acontrol server. Embodiments describing field module processing suchcalculations and the advantages of accordingly configuring a fieldmodule is discussed in turn.

FIG. 7( b) is a flow chart depicting one method for field modules tosend and receive information, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention. Unless explicitly stated, the method embodimentsdescribed in the present disclosure are not constraint to a particularorder or sequence. Additionally, some of the described methods orelements herein may occur or be performed at the same point in time.

By way of example, and without limiting the scope of the presentinvention, central control server 700 may send a command signal toschedule a shut-off for a particular pump. Thus, at step 705 one of themodules 703 may receive that command signal. At step 706, the unit mayidentify an address for the signal's destination and at step 708 maymake a determination on whether the signal matches its own address orwhether the signal is sent to be relayed to another unit with thematching destination address. If the signal is received by a module atlocation A-1, and the pump is controlled at location C-2, then thesignal is relayed to that destination or the next available unit,depending on the distances and configuration of grid 704.

In an exemplary embodiment, field modules are configured for processingor making certain determinations based on the entire matrix status. Suchdeterminations include whether to send a signal via a more direct routto save time or via a less direct rout in order to conserve power—suchdeterminations may be made at step 708, and are ultimately controlled byparameters set by central control server 700.

This is desirable to ultimately optimize the entire system for whateverpurposes the system requires. For example, and without limiting thescope of the present invention, transceiver signals may degrade everysquare of a distance thus more power may be required to send a signalfrom one module to the next depending on the zones characteristics.Thus, if that same signal is sent via an 8 hop, multi-hop method, poweror energy may seriously be conserved, if sent single hop, a command maybe sent faster but will drain more power.

Therefore, if a signal is being sent to another field module in fieldmodule matrix 704, at step 706 an identification is made of where thedata needs to be sent to, and at step 708 a determination in accordancewith the above mentioned parameter may be made to relay and send thedata to either the next field module in a multi-hop sequence, ordirectly to the targeted field module for which the data is being sentto.

If the signal's destination address matches the unit's location addressand identified as such at step 706, then another determination at step709 may be processed such as whether to store data at locally ordirectly execute a command at step 710. For example, a scheduledshut-off may be a real time command, or a command to be performed at alater time. In the event that the scheduled shut-off time is in thepresent, then the unit executes the command by actuating the shut-offvalve to which it is connected to. In the event the scheduled shut-offtime is in the future, or is to be repeated in intervals, then thescheduled shut-off is stored locally in the unit's schedule and theinformation is scheduled at step 711. While in standby, the unit mayawait for other signals to be relayed, to be executed or to be stored.Upon a scheduled event time, the unit executes the command signal byactuating the proper device.

At 712 may be part of such standby mode wherein a real time clock orsimilar process monitors whether a scheduled event is due, looping untila scheduled event occurs and thus a command is executed at step 710.

A field module matrix is also capable of reporting data, and mayconstantly be reporting information to a central control server. Forexample, a field module matrix may generate a report on the number offield modules in the matrix, whether there was an additional moduleinstalled or removed from the matrix, or report sensory data receivedfrom a sensor or relayed via another field module.

FIG. 8( a) illustrates a field module reporting sensor data to a servercontroller, in one embodiment of the present invention. A field modulemay be connected to one or more sensors to report on sensory datarelevant to an irrigation system. For example, field module 800 mayreceive data from either a sensor it is connected to or another sensorrelaying that sensory data back to central control server 803 via anetwork bridge adapter 802. Furthermore, field module 800 may alsogenerate a report based on data perceived from a device field module 800controls.

FIG. 8( b) is a flow chart depicting a method for sensor datatransmission between the field module and server controller depicted inFIG. 8( a), in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.Unless explicitly stated, the method embodiments described herein arenot constrained to a particular order or sequence. Additionally, some ofthe described methods or elements herein may occur or be performed atthe same point in time.

At step 805, a sensory data may be received by field module 800. Fieldmodule 800 may then generate a report at step 806 depending on the typeof sensory data that has been received. For example, and withoutlimiting the scope of the present invention, sensory data may compriselight levels, water levels, soil related data, or any other type ofsensory data.

Upon generating a report at step 806, at step 807 field module 800 maytransmit the data to central control server 803 via network bridge 802.At step 808, network bridge 802 may translate to appropriate protocol toproperly deliver the information to central control server 803.

Furthermore, sensory data may comprise data from sensors not connectedwithin a field matrix but for example, sensors delivering weatherinformation from sources outside an irrigation system. In suchcircumstances, at step 810, central control server may receive updatedinformation via user inputs, other servers, or external sensing devices,without deviating from the scope of the present invention. In thismanner, each field module matrix may report back to an irrigationcontrol server in accordance with the present invention.

A server-based irrigation control system in accordance with the presentinvention may perform a multiplicity of functions depending on thecomplexity of the irrigation parameters for a particular field, ornetwork of fields, monitored and controlled by one or more controlservers. For example, and without limiting the scope of the presentinvention, a central control server may be configured to implementirrigation related algorithms, calculators, schedulers, databases,protocols, and various other types of processes for providing: 1) ahydraulic analysis for individual components, or the overall irrigationsystem; 2) interpolation of sensor data throughout one or moreirrigation networks; 3) localization of zone evapotranspiration/sensordata for one or more irrigation zones at one or more locations; and 4)algorithm calibration for individual processes, or for all processesthroughout the overall irrigation system.

EXAMPLE 1 Hydraulic Analysis

In an exemplary embodiment, a hydraulic analysis is used by the systemto formulate an irrigation schedule based on the irrigation system'sdesign specifications and parameters. By calculating or processing datato generate determinations based on the hydraulic analysis of the entiresystem, processes monitored and controlled by a server, may maximizesystem flows while adhering to flow restrictions

In such exemplary embodiment, one or more processes that make up asoftware or software component may process certain information in orderto optimize system parameters. For example, and without limiting thescope of the present invention, a pipe's length, inner diameter, andmaterial composition for a given flow may affect how much pressure islost as a result. Such processes may implement use of known methods andformulas such as the D'Arcy-Weisbach equation, the Hazen-Williamsformula, or any other formulation for determining parameters such aspressure loss.

For example, greater flows result in higher loss of pressure for a givenpipe. Particularly in industrial size irrigation schemes, there isusually a strict watering window. This may require thousands of gallonsof water to flow throughout the system in a matter of just a few hours.Sprinkler heads also have minimum pressure requirements, thus the totalfriction loss from the pump to the sprinkler subtracted from thepressure at the pump must be at least the minimum operating pressure ofthe sprinkler head. Most commercial pump stations are designed such thatthe output is altered in real time to maintain a constant presetpressure, regardless of flow (i.e. within the pumps and operatingrange).

Thus, a well equipped server-based system in accordance with the presentinvention may implement a variety of methods to process, calculate andmake determinations when monitoring and controlling one or more fieldmodule matrices, particularly if more than one irrigation field may beinvolved.

Without limiting the scope of the present invention, and purely by wayof example, the pressure loss (or major loss) in a pipe, tube or ductmay be expressed in one embodiment of the present invention, byimplementing algorithms, calculators, or processes that utilize theD'Arcy-Weisbach equation:Δp=λ(1/dh)(ρv2/2)  (1)

Where, Δp is the pressure loss (Pa, N/m2); λ is the D'Arcy-Weisbachfriction coefficient; 1 is the length of duct or pipe (m); dh is thehydraulic diameter (m); and ρ is the density (kg/m3).

The Hazen-Williams formula may also be used to calculate the pressureloss in a length of pipe due to friction dependent on the flow. Thisequation is commonly used for pressure drop calculations and may beimplemented with water distribution systems, and irrigation systems, inaccordance with practice of the present invention. For example, acentral control server may comprise processes configured to calculatepressure loss as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{P_{d} = \frac{4.52\mspace{20mu} Q^{1.85}}{C^{1.85}\mspace{14mu} d^{4.87}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

Where, P_(d) is the pressure drop in pounds per square inch/foot; Q isequal to the flow in gallons per minute; C=factor (i.e. roughness orfriction loss coefficient)−the higher the C factor, the smoother thepipe; and d is equal to the inside hydraulic diameter (in inches).Alternate forms of the Hazen Williams equation exist, which may bealternatively used or additionally implemented with a particular systemfor efficiency or simplicity depending on the known variables of a givenirrigation system, for example:V=1.318CR^(0.63) _(h)S^(0.54)  (3)

Where, V is the velocity (in feet per second); C=factor (i.e. roughnessor friction loss coefficient); R_(h) is the hydraulic radius (in feet);and S is equal to the energy gradient or friction slope (hf/L).

A system in accordance with the present invention may utilize one ormore of these formulas depending on the system's design specifications.Furthermore, by equipping a central control server with severaldifferent methods for processing or deriving irrigation relevant data,the server may choose the most efficient methods to perform thoseprocesses and generate control signals depending on the known values andintended applications for the desired determinations.

In one embodiment, a server-based controller may implement theinternational system of units (SI), for compatibility with world wideirrigation schemes, wherein the modern form of the metric system and theworld's most widely used system of units is utilized. This may bedesirable for worldwide compatibility of a central control server-basedirrigation system in accordance with the present invention whereinseveral systems in different parts of the world may be monitored andcontrolled. This may be accomplished by implementing software oralgorithms capable of processing different types of measuring systems,for example in addition to the above mentioned methods, the presentinvention may further implement the Hazen Williams Equation in utilizingthe SI system:Q=0.849CAR^(0.63) _(h)S^(0.54)  (4)

Where, Q is equal to the volumetric flow rate; C=factor (i.e. frictionloss coefficient); A is equal to a cross-sectional area of flow; R_(h)is equal to a hydraulic radius; and S is the slope of energy grade line.

Whether utilizing one of the above mentioned methods, or any equivalentmethod, a hydraulic analysis in accordance with the present inventioncomprises several steps. Again, unless explicitly stated, the methodembodiments described in the present disclosure are not constraint to aparticular order or sequence. Additionally, some of the describedmethods or elements herein may occur or be performed at the same pointin time.

In an exemplary embodiment, the server-based irrigation system mayanalyze, through sensors and/or by calculations, the flow through eachsection of a pipe or pipe system, the output ratio of the pumpstation(s), and the pressure at key points in the system (sprinklers,laterals, mains, etc.). Processing these parameters allows theserver-based irrigation controller to adjust which zones are activatedto best utilize available time and flow capacity.

In one embodiment adjusting the zones may be calculated ahead of time tocreate a sequence and concurrency of zones to activate, and may also bemonitored and adjusted during the watering window to further tune thesystem. Furthermore, historical data may also be used for tuning ofrelevant parameters.

EXAMPLE 2 Interpolation of Sensor Data

In an exemplary embodiment interpolation of sensor data is used togenerate data and make deductions related to certain parameters, orcharacteristics of one or more irrigation networks within the servercontrolled irrigation system. Because interpolation is well understoodto those skilled in the art, the present disclosure will only brieflydefine the method. In the present invention, interpolation may refer tothe known mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, involving amethod of constructing new data points within the range of a discreteset of known data points, wherein a number of data points, obtained bysampling or experiment, are utilized to construct a function whichclosely fits those data points.

By using such known methods, software in accordance with the presentinvention, may be configured with algorithms, calculators or processesthat may be used for interpolation of sensor data to provide any pointin the system with a value for a given sensor, even for a point in thefield in which a sensor does not exist. While pressure sensors, soilmoisture sensors, and other sensors can provide data for variousconditions in a system, sensor placement often restrict measurements tothe sensors' immediate vicinity. Thus, by processing interpolation ofthe sensor data, a central control server, in accordance with thepresent invention, can provide the irrigation system with otherwiseunknown values.

Typically, a system configured for interpolation of sensor data, inaccordance with the present invention, may comprise software configuredfor monitoring and gathering information from the system's database,available sensors, geographic or topological layout, or any otherrelevant field system information, to interpolate available datasystem-wide in a manner so that reliable data can be provided for anypart of a system, regardless of sensor availability at an exactlocation.

For example, and without limiting the scope of the present invention, apipe comprising a pressure sensor at one point, and a flow sensorconnected some 200 feet down away from that point, may be analyzed bythe server utilizing such software to gather information along theentire length of said pipe. Using one or more variations of theHazen-Williams formula (e.g. formulas (2), (3), or (4) described above)the system may determine the pressure at any point between or on eitherside of the sensor. Naturally, similar, but much more complexcalculations must be performed within a dynamic system comprising manyinterrelated components (i.e. systems wherein changing pressures orfluctuating flow rates are common).

EXAMPLE 3 Localization of Zone ET/Sensor Data

In an exemplary embodiment, a server-based system in accordance with thepresent invention uses software configured for localization of zoneevapotranspiration/sensor data to provide an accurate water requirementmetric tailored to each irrigation zone's characteristics.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the consumptive use of water by the combinedprocesses of plant transpiration and soil evaporation, which causes theloss of water from an irrigation field's surface. There are multipleknown methods that may be developed to estimate crop ET, andimplementing any such methods in accordance with the present disclosurewill not deviate from the scope of the present invention. ET istypically measured in ET_(O) for potential or evapotranspiration. Thisvalue is then adjusted based on the crop, soil and micro-climate forthat zone/valve as an “actual” evapotranspiration.

Typically, a system in accordance with the present invention usesweather data and known methods to provide an estimate of reference orpotential evapotranspiration (ET_(O)), to convert the ET_(O) into anabsolute ET. For example, and without limiting the scope of the presentinvention, by using a multiplicative factor known as a crop coefficient(K_(C)) a crop's estimated ET requirements may be calculated.

It is well known in the art that crop coefficients (K_(C)) are thespecific evapotranspiration values for an irrigation field's vegetativecharacteristics, which may be generated by collecting data from sensorsor other information gathering means and referencing potentialevapotranspiration data to estimate the crop's evapotranspirationrequirement (ET_(C)). ET_(C) may be calculated by multiplying the cropcoefficient (K_(C)) by the referenced or potential evapotranspirationvalue (ET_(O)), thus:ET _(C) =K _(C) ×ET _(O)  (5)

Since there are multiple environmental and biological factors that mayaffect ET, it may be desirable to implement a number of data gatheringdevices or means, whether sensors or otherwise, to account for a varietyof environmental field data including without limitation solarradiation, field temperature, atmospheric dryness (vapor pressuredeficit), wind, and soil moisture. Similarly, biological factorsaffecting ET may be accounted for by gathering information pertaining tofield data including, without limitation: type of vegetation, foliagegeometry, and foliage density.

In an exemplary embodiment, upon system installation, a system plan oran “as-built” specification (i.e. proportional blue print of landscapeand system components) implementing GPS or other location coordinatesmay be created. In one embodiment, the system plan may include anirrigation system's layout as well as soil conditions and crop/plantareas. In another embodiment, a system plan may further include shadeproducing objects such as plants or structures that affect underlyingplants' exposure to light and water usage.

Thus, the amount of water that should be expelled from a valve may becalculated by considering factors such as: soil type (i.e. infiltrationrates, field capacity, etc.); crop coefficients (i.e. plantcharacteristics); micro-climates (i.e. shaded areas, south-facing walls,etc.); past and future watering windows; and any other informationrelevant to the area said valve affects. In such exemplary embodiment,software components or processes may be configured to extract allrelevant data and calculate the desired watering schedules taking intoaccount the evapotranspiration variables briefly discussed above.

EXAMPLE 4 Algorithm Calibration

In an exemplary embodiment, a server-based irrigation system inaccordance with the present invention also provides algorithmcalibration to further increase accuracy of calculations. Softwarelocated in the control server may process many hundreds or thousands ofcalculations per day, recording solutions and storing logs ofcalculations in its database(s) for future use or reference. Thus, it isdesirable to configure software for optimum accuracy.

Although most of the results of software's calculations may not be ableto be directly verified, through deduction said results may beevaluated. In other words, by analyzing the outcome of certain actionstaken from calculated data, an irrigation control server may beconfigured to evaluate the accuracy of the original calculations andthus adjust certain parameters.

Furthermore, there may be multiple avenues to a particular solution, forexample, determining line pressures or minimum flow requirements usingthe several formulas briefly discussed above. Therefore, implementationof an algorithmic calibration process with an irrigation control serveras described herein enables the irrigation control server to evaluateeach avenue, and then compare solutions to find a more time efficientsolution, a more energy conserving solution, or any solution that may bemore desirable for any other given purpose.

This may be achieved either by configuring software with a set of rules(e.g. err on the side of over watering, minimize electricity used,etc.), or by presenting such parameters for a user to decide—forexample, and without limiting the scope of the present invention, anirrigation control server in accordance with the present invention maysend messages, alerts, or alarms throughout a system and make that dataavailable through user interfaces or GUI's, either locally or remotely,depending on the irrigation scheme.

An irrigation field module matrix configured for wireless communicationwith a central control server. has been described. The foregoingdescription of the various exemplary embodiments of the invention hasbeen presented for the purposes of illustration and disclosure. It isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the preciseform disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in lightof the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the inventionnot be limited by this detailed description, but by the claims and theequivalents to the claims.

1. A field module matrix for enabling a server to control irrigationcomponents, comprising: a plurality of field modules, wherein one ormore field modules comprises: a circuitry configured for: sending datapertaining to an irrigation area to a server, receiving a control signalfrom said server, controlling one or more irrigation components based onsaid control signal; dynamically reconfiguring disrupted signal pathsbetween the plurality of field modules; and determining a route of asignal in the matrix, the determination based on whether to save time orto conserve power; a device interface for coupling said irrigationcomponents to said circuitry; a power interface to supply power to saidcircuitry; and a wireless network adapter wirelessly coupled to saidplurality of field modules for routing said data from said one or morefield modules to said server and routing said control signal from saidserver to said one or more field modules, wherein said wireless networkadapter translates between a protocol in use by said plurality of fieldmodules and said server.
 2. The field module matrix of claim 1, furthercomprising a wireless network adapter wirelessly coupled to saidplurality of field modules for routing said data from said one or morefield modules to said server and routing said control signal from saidserver to said one or more field modules, wherein said wireless networkadapter translates between a protocol in use by said plurality of fieldmodules and said server.
 3. The field module matrix of claim 2, whereinsaid control signal further comprises an irrigation schedule generatedby said server from said data.
 4. The field module matrix of claim 3,wherein said server further comprises a user interface adapted toprovide a user remote access to said server for remotely monitoring saidplurality of field modules.
 5. The field module matrix of claim 3,wherein said data pertaining to said irrigation area comprises a systemstatus.
 6. The field module matrix of claim 3, wherein said circuitry ofsaid one or more field modules further comprises a management device forreceiving, transmitting, and recording said irrigation schedule.
 7. Thefield module matrix of claim 6, wherein said one or more field modulesis adapted for single-hop and multi-hop communication.
 8. The fieldmodule matrix of claim 7, wherein said irrigation components furthercomprise valves and pumps.
 9. The field module matrix of claim 6,wherein said one or more field modules further comprise of sensorscoupled to said circuitry.
 10. A field module matrix for enabling aserver to control irrigation components, comprising: a plurality offield modules, wherein one or more field modules is adapted forsingle-hop and multi-hop communication, said one or more field modulesfurther comprising: a circuitry including a management device forreceiving, transmitting, and recording a control signal, said circuitryconfigured for: sending data pertaining to an irrigation area to aserver, wherein said server further comprises a user interface adaptedto provide a user remote access to said server for remotely monitoringsaid plurality of field modules, receiving said control signal from saidserver, wherein said control signal includes an irrigation schedulegenerated by said server from said data, controlling one or moreirrigation components based on said control signal, and determining aroute of a signal in the matrix, the determination based on whether tosave time or to conserve power; a device interface for coupling saidirrigation components to said circuitry; a power interface to supplypower to said circuitry; and a wireless network adapter wirelesslycoupled to said plurality of field modules for routing said data fromsaid one or more field modules to said server and routing said controlsignal from said server to said one or more field modules, wherein saidwireless network adapter translates between a protocol in use by saidplurality of field modules and said server.
 11. The field module matrixof claim 1, wherein the signal paths are disrupted by an objecttemporarily placed within the plurality of field modules.
 12. The fieldmodule matrix of claim 1, wherein the signal paths are disrupted byadding one or more field modules to the plurality of field modules. 13.The field module matrix of claim 1, wherein the signal paths aredisrupted by removing one or more field modules in the plurality offield modules.
 14. The field matrix module of claim 1, wherein thecircuitry is further configured for determining a route of a signal inthe matrix module, the determination based on whether to save time or toconserve power.
 15. The field matrix module of claim 1, wherein thecircuitry is further configured for generating a report on the pluralityof field modules, the report transmitted to the server via a wirelessnetwork adapter wirelessly coupled to the plurality of field modules.16. The field matrix module of claim 15, wherein the report identifiesadditions or removals of one or more field modules.
 17. The field matrixmodule of claim 1, wherein the data is continually being reported to theserver via a wireless network adapter wirelessly coupled to theplurality of field modules.
 18. A field module matrix for enabling aserver to control irrigation components, comprising: a plurality offield modules, wherein one or more field modules comprises: a circuitryconfigured for: sending data pertaining to an irrigation area to aserver; receiving a control signal from the server; controlling one ormore irrigation components based on said control signal, and;determining a route of a signal in the matrix, the determination basedon whether to save time or to conserve power; a device interface forcoupling said irrigation components to said circuitry; a power interfaceto supply power to said circuitry; and a wireless network adapterwirelessly coupled to said plurality of field modules for routing saiddata from said one or more field modules to said server and routing saidcontrol signal from said server to said one or more field modules,wherein said wireless network adapter translates between a protocol inuse by said plurality of field modules and said server.